Benzene and Activating Group

In the mechanism, the alkene in the benzene ring attacks the Br2 group leaving a carbocation intermediate and a bromine anion. The Br2 was in an HBr solution, which used as a catalyst similar to FeBr3. The bromine anion then deprotonated a beta hydrogen, forming HBr and a benzene ring with the activating substituent and bromine. This reaction could be repeated up to two more times based on the strength of the orthro/para directing group. As a result, there were many possible different products when the aromatic compounds underwent bromination. For aniline, the prediction was that the product would be 2,4,6-tribromoaniline because anime was a very strong activating group that reacted strongly with halogenations reactions in general. For phenol, the hydroxy group was also a ring activating and electron donating group. A disubstituted bromine product was predicted because the hydroxy group was not as powerful as the amide. Anisole also had an activating group in a methoxy group and the prediction was from the anisole bromination reaction would be a disubstituted product. Lastly, for acetamide, the amide group was considered to be not a strong activating group compared to the anime, hydroxy, and methoxy groups because of the fact that the electrons were not localized in the amide due to resonance. As a result, this reduced the activation of the benzene ring and the predicted product was 4-bromoacetanilide. Mechanism (for acetanilide): Results: Compound| Melting Tempeature (degrees Celsius)| Product (g)| Anisole| N/A| oil| Aniline| 119-120; 116-117 | 0. 116g; 0. 010g| Phenol| N/A; 36-51| 0. 325; 0. 007| Acetanilide| 166-168; 156-162| 0. 140g; 0. 111g| Calculations are posted at the back Reaction| Limiting Reagant| Actual Yield| Percent Yield:| Acetanilide| Acetanilide| 0. 140g| 65. 4 %| Discussion:The reaction that was done in lab was the bromination of acetamide. Overall, the reaction was pretty efficient as the percent yield of the reaction was 65%. Due to using a 10% v/v bromine solution, there was 0. 15 ml (0. 02 mol) of bromine in 1. 5 ml of the solution. Compared about 0. 135 g of acetamide used (0. 01 mol), there was an excess of bromine to react with the acetamide. As a result, there may have been not enough acetamide to react with bromine. The product also appeared to be somewhat water soluable, which reduced the efficiency. Also, the reactions done by the other groups had similar results or inefficient reactions that had small yields. Based on the melting point measurements in lab, the rankings in terms of reactivity were aniline, phenol, anisole, and acetamide. As predicted before, aniline was ranked as the most reactive because the product was 2,4,6-tribromoaniline, which had a melting point of 119-120 Â °C. The second most reactive aromatic compound was phenol with products 2,4 and 2,6 dibromophenol at 36 to 51 Â °C. The hydroxy group was a good activating group, but not strong enough to activate the benzene ring for a third bromination due to the deactivating effects of the added benzylic bromine. The third most reactive compound was anisole with an oil and possible products for this reaction could be 2 or 4 or 2,6 bromoanisole. Based on this reactivity, the methoxy group had steric bulk and the oxygen in the methoxy preferred to stabilize adjacent bromines. The least reactive compound was acetamide, with a product of 4-bromoacetanilide. The amide group in acetanilide was bulky, so preferring the ortho position would mean a more stable product with less steric interaction. Overall, the predictions in the theory matched besides the anisole. The results make sense because as the reactivity decreases, it was down to factors such as electron delocalization due to resonance, steric bulk, and bromine being a deactivator to the benzene ring. Sources of Errors: Sources of errors may result from not crashing the reaction with enough water and sodium bisulfite and not rinsing the product with water during vacuum filtration. Conclusion: The product obtained in the reaction was 4-bromoacetanilide and the order of reactivity of bromination was determined. Calculations: Mol of Bromine: 10% v/v = (0. 15 mL Br2) x (3. 11 g/mL) x (159. 81 g/mol) = 0. 003 mol Br2 Mol of Acetanilide: (0. 135g acetanilide) x (1 mol/135. 17 g) = 0. 001 mol acetanilide Acetanilide is Limiting Reagant. Theoretical Yield: (0. 135g acetanilide) x (1 mol acetanilide/135. 17 g) x (1 mol 4-bromoacetanilide/1 acetanilide) x (215. 07 g/1 mol 4-bromoacetanilide) = 0. 215g Percent Yield: . 140g/ 0. 215g= 65. 1%

1) Voter Burnout & 2) Republicans and Democrats Essay

1) Voter Burnout & 2) Republicans and Democrats - Essay Example Voter turnout has great significance because higher turnout gives greater legitimacy to the upcoming government. Even dictatorial regime maneuvers to attain higher turnouts for claiming legitimacy. American democracy, a role model for the world, is suffering from this serious flaw of character. Factors responsible for low turnout are a matter of controversy among political scholars. The problem has the following psychological, cultural, and institutional dimensions, among others. Psychological factors: The voter loses interest in election when his confidence is shaken by leadership going back on the election promises. During elections, when he is given â€Å"the audacity of hope†, promise of â€Å"change† and â€Å"agenda of peace†, he naturally pins great hopes on the next government. At the end of the day when he gets nothing of what he was promised, he develops a mindset that leadership has betrayed him and is not sincere to the nation. Government policies not reflective of his wishes make him lose confidence in the system. Corruption scandals may dishearten him and create a sense that voting is nothing less than wastage of time, especially in the younger generation. Cultural factors: â€Å"U.S is the world’s oldest democracy and a pioneer in extension of the vote to the entire population† (Ladd, p417). Despite this democratic culture and attaining the target of universal suffrage, still there are problems that obstruct higher turnout. In a multicultural and multilingual country like US it is difficult for political parties to engage all sections of population. Negative campaigning and attacks on character of opponents is more common in US than elsewhere which potentially suppress turnout. Strong party affiliation is important to boost up turnout which is non existent in US. Countries where parties have strong roots in public and enjoy public confidence have higher turnout. Confidence in election process and voting are cultural habits

FIN501 MOD 1 Case assign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FIN501 MOD 1 Case assign - Essay Example The organization wants to choose between offering the shares through an online auction or traditional book building techniques. AVG should issue shares through an online auction technique, which is better than the traditional method in almost all aspects. The online auction reaches more investors, it reduces the risks of under or overpricing, and the technique is less costly than book building (Corr, 2007). The organization should follow the rules of the technique strictly to avoid leaving out investors like Google did in 2007. Online Auction Attracts more Investors than Book Building I would advice AVG to issue its IPO using the online auction because the method is less costly, reaches more customers, and it ensures that the share price is based on its market value. The company reaches more investors by announcing the offer online and allowing customers to bid the price and shares that they would like to purchase (Gregorious, 2006). This is unlike the book building method where unde rwriters sell shares to the clients that they value more than others (Pequignot, 2005). The investment banks leave out the investors who bid low prices because the underwriters aim at maximizing their returns (Jones, & Yeoman, 2008). This means that investment banks aim at the wealthy and existing investors in the company. Auctioning allows numerous customers to bid because the online process is open to everyone, and it is cheaper to access the internet (Carter, 2005). AVG is likely to attract new and existing investors ranging from the wealthy to the middle income group in the society using the online auction (Khurshed, 2011). Auctioning Reduces Costs of Issuing Shares AVG would incur fewer costs using the online auction than the book building technique. The company does not have to incur the high costs of underwriting. These costs refer to the price that the company pays investment banks when they determine the price of issuing each share (Vermaelen, 2005). The costs also include the commission that the firm would pay underwriters to sell the shares by conducting road shows. The commission may be as high as 8% in some cases, and this may be costly for the company especially when it sells a few shares (Nyantara, 2005). The role of underwriters in the online auction is to help the company to set the price at which to issue shares based on the bids of all customers. This is not costly, and it means that AVG would cut on the underwriting cost. Other costs that the firm would incur using online auction are the Securities and Exchange Commission fee (Savitz, 2012). This fee covers the cost of registering shares with the registrar by way of a prospectus. The securities Exchange Commission fee and other costs account for 10% of the value of the collected capital (Savitz, 2012). This cost is also incurred using the book building process, and this means that the company cannot avoid paying the price. Auctioning IPO is Less Risky than Traditional Book Building AVG redu ces the risk of under or over pricing shares. This is because the directors of the company would determine the value of each share based on the investor’s bids. The bids represent the true value of the shares because the investors symbolize the market (Sherman, 2010). Google oversaw the bids from customers by determining their market price per share without considering the bids. The company ended up losing capital by leaving out some investors from